中国蟹蛛科1新纪录属及2新种记述(蛛形纲:蜘蛛目)

本文记述了壮蟹蛛属Stiphropus和斜蟹蛛属Loxobates蜘蛛2新种,分别命名为镰壮蟹蛛,新种Stiphropus falciformus sp.nov.和刺斜蟹蛛,新种Loxobates spiniformis sp.nov..壮蟹蛛属Stiphropus在我国尚属首次记述.壮蟹蛛属Stiphropus Gerst(a)cker,1873新纪录属Stiphropus Gerst(a)cker,1873479;Ono,198059模式种Stiphropus lugubris Gerst(a)cker,1873 鉴别特征本属与革蟹蛛属Coriarachne Thorell,1870(Song & Zhu,1997,61)在体型上非常相似,但具以下区别头 胸部长大于宽,而不是宽大于长;步足和触肢具许多羽状毛(plumose hairs)(figs.1 C～D),但后者无;雄蛛插入器大,小刀状(cultrate)或acerate,后者小而呈刺状;雌蛛外雌器中隔骨化强烈,而后者不明显.镰壮蟹蛛,新种Stiphropus falciformus sp.nov.正模♂大理市凤仪镇公山,25°35'N,100°18'E,2002年5月21日,杨自忠采;副模1♀,地点同前,2002年6月29日,杨自忠采;3♂,元谋县元马镇,25°42'N,101°53'E,2005年9月12日,李巧采;1♂,元谋县老城乡,25°37'N,101°54'E,2005年9月10日,李巧采.词源学本新种种名根据插入器的形状而拟定.鉴别特征本新种与眼斑壮蟹蛛Stiphropus ocellatus Thorell,1887(Ono,1980 b64,flgs.12～27)相似,但具以下区别插入器比后者长而宽;外侧突比后者短而宽.斜蟹蛛属Loxobates Thorell,1877 Loxobates Thorell,1877495;Song & Zhu,199740;Song,Zhu & Chen,1999481模式种Loxobates ephippiatus Thorell,1877刺斜蟹蛛,新种Loxobates spiniformis sp.nov.正模♂云南省大理市点苍山,25°58'N,99°52'E,2002年6月9日;副模1♀,4 ♂,地点同前,2004年5月22日,海拔2 300～2 500 m,杨自忠采;副模3♀,8♂,地点同前,2005年5月31日,杨自忠、杨飞采.词源学本新种名根据雄蛛触肢胫节外侧突起的形状而拟定.鉴别特征本新种雄蛛的插入器形状与小斜蟹蛛Loxobates minorOno,2001(p.208,figs.6～8)相似,但具以下区别胫节外侧突基部螺旋状,端部刺状(figs.2.D～E),后者小而呈指状;腹侧突腹面观指状而不呈钝齿状.雌蛛与大东斜蟹蛛L.daitoensis Ono,1988(p.43,figs.27～33)相似,外雌器近"U"字形、交配管长而不同于后者.     

裂胸螨科3新种(蜱螨亚纲:革螨股)

记述裂胸螨科Aceosejidae3新种：修长蠊螨Blattisocius dolichussp．nov．,长江副加螨Paragarmania changjiangensis sp．nov．和江西肛厉螨Proctolaelaps jiangxiensis sp．nov．     

东海浮游等足类和涟虫类的调查

根据1997~2000年东海(23°30′~33°00′N,118°30′~128°00′E)海域4个季节海洋调查资料,对东海浮游等足类和涟虫类种类的组成、数量变化及地理分布等特征作了探讨。结果表明,调查海域出现浮游等足类2种,其中圆柱水虱(Cirolanasp.)在东海等足类数量中具有绝对优势(占总丰度的98%),中国急游水虱(Tachaea chinensis)是稀有种。等足类主要在夏季出现,并分布在东海近海。浮游涟虫类主要分布在台湾海峡和东海南部海域。浮游涟虫类有4种,细长涟虫(Iphinoe tenera)和萨氏异涟虫(Heterocumasarsi)在3个季节出现,丰度和出现率较高,是东海涟虫类的常见种;无尾涟虫(Leueonsp.)在2个季节出现,丰度和出现率与前2个种相似,是次常见种。卵圆涟虫(Bodotria ovalis)仅出现在秋季,数量和出现率极低,是稀有种。细长涟虫、萨氏异涟虫和无尾涟虫都是暖水种。相比之下,无尾涟虫有更广泛的适温能力。卵圆涟虫在盐度较低的长江口出现,是一个近岸种。     

西藏和云南槭树科新资料

作者在编写Flora of China槭树科的过程中,整理鉴定大量的标本,发现两个西藏分布新记录种以及一个中国分布新记录变种,现记载如下。     

水杉的未尽事宜

主要阐述与水杉有关的三个问题：首先是水杉研究的教训,特别是从编辑、作者和学者的角度;其次讨论水杉研究的不明之处,包括王战的标本是如何到达吴仲伦之手而转送给郑万钧的,薛纪如和华敬灿谁先打听到小河的原产地,三木茂的论文是如何到达中国而胡先辅又是如何得到的;并讨论了水杉的栽培及栽培品种的注册以及水杉原产地的资源保护、旅游开发及宣传;最后建议成立水杉博物馆,编写中国植物采集史,编写东亚植物分类学文献目录新续编。     

Patterns of species richness for vascular plants in China's nature reserves

Explaining the heterogeneous distribution of biodiversity across the Earth has long been a challenge to ecologists and biogeographers. Here, we document the patterns of plant species richness for different taxonomic groups in China's nature reserves, and discuss their possible explanations at national and regional scales, using vascular plant richness data coupled with information on climate and topographical variables. We found that water deficit, energy and elevation range (a surrogate of habitat heterogeneity) represent the primary explanations for variation in plant species richness of the nature reserves across China. There are consistent relationships between species richness and climate and habitat heterogeneity for different taxonomic vascular plant groups at the national scale. Habitat heterogeneity is strongly associated with plant richness in all regions, whereas climatic constraints to plant diversity vary regionally. In the regions where energy is abundant or water is scarce, plant richness patterns were determined by water and habitat heterogeneity, whereas in the region with low energy inputs, water interacting with energy, and habitat heterogeneity determined its species richness pattern. Our results also suggest that energy variables alone do not represent the primary predictor of plant richness.     

Invasive alien plants in China: role of clonality and geographical origin

Biological invasions have become a significant threat to the global environment. Unfortunately, to date there is no consensus on invasion mechanisms and predictive models. Controversies range from whether we can reliably predict which species may become invasive to which species characteristics (e.g., life history, taxonomic groups, or geographic origin) contribute to the invasion processes. We examined 126 invasive alien plant species in China to understand the role of clonality and geographical origin in their invasion success. These species were categorized into three groups (I, II, III) based on their invasiveness in terms of current spatial occupation and the degree of damage to invaded habitats. Clonal plants consisted of almost half (44%) of the 126 invasive species studied, and consisted of 66% of 32 the most invasive alien plant species (Group I). There was a significant positive relationship between clonality and species invasiveness. A 68% of the 126 species studied originated in the continent of America (North and/or South America). These preliminary findings support that America is the primary geographical origin of invasive alien plant species in China and that clonality of the invasive plant species contributed significantly to the their invasiveness. The results suggest an urgent need at the global scale to investigate the mechanisms whereby plant clonal growth influences plant invasions, and the need for a focus at regional scale to examine factors affecting the exchange of invasive plant species between America and China.     

中国的紫水鸡

自Swinhoe的早期记录横空跨越140余年后, 2012年3月紫水鸡终于在厦门被重新发现并得以确认其繁殖群的存在。继而在检视以往文献过程中, 注意到对于紫水鸡在中国状况的认识, 无论是对其分布、还是亚种认定, 均多存疑问之处。本文对紫水鸡在中国南方各省(区)的发现和记录过程做了大致梳理, 概述了以往对中国东南沿海地区紫水鸡分布认识误区的产生原因, 并指出当今中国鸟类学界对中国紫水鸡亚种分布态势上的不同意见和看法。作者提出这些问题与同行探讨, 以期促成消弭疑问, 并希望鸟学界同仁能够关注紫水鸡在中国的动态变化与发展。     

台湾、海南与大陆鸟类的亲缘关系

本研究利用过去的文献,整理台湾、海南和大陆鸟类的亲缘关系。结果发现,海南有78%的鸟类与大陆相同,有40%的鸟类与台湾相同。依此数据,显示海南成为岛屿的时间比台湾晚,与大陆鸟类的亲缘关系也比台湾较为密切。然当孤立成为岛屿之后,栖于岛上的鸟类,乃各自发展为地方特色。台湾仍保有一些古北界的寒带鸟类,不见于海南。海南则有一些东洋界的热带鸟类,也没有分布到台湾。     

贵州省荔波发现百花锦蛇

2010年7月～2012年8月,在贵州省荔波南方喀斯特世界自然遗产地进行脊椎动物物种多样性调查时,分别在板寨、瑶山、翁昂和洞塘采集到游蛇科蛇类标本共5条,经分类鉴定为锦蛇属(Elaphe)的百花锦蛇(E.moellendorffi),为该物种在贵州省内首次发现,增加了其在国内的分布点.